See -ien in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-ian"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "-ian"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ian"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "fro",
"3": "-ien"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from Old French -ien",
"name": "bor+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "la",
"3": "-iānus"
},
"expansion": "Latin -iānus",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Old French -ien, from Latin -iānus.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-ian",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ion",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ione",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ioun",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-yen",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-yone",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-youn",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-ien",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "25 22 30 23",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "46 54",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forms nouns and adjectives denoting origin, association, or residence; -ian."
],
"id": "en--ien-enm-suffix-ULB5Bu33",
"links": [
[
"-ian",
"-ian"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-iˈɛːn/"
},
{
"ipa": "/-i.ɛn/"
},
{
"ipa": "/-i.ən/"
},
{
"ipa": "/-jɛn/"
},
{
"ipa": "/-jən/"
}
],
"word": "-ien"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-y"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"raw_tags": [
"West Country"
],
"tags": [
"dialectal"
],
"word": "-ee"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-ōn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-ōn",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ōną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ōną",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-jan"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-jan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-janą"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-janą",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "A conflation of two originally distinct suffixes:\n* The Old English weak class 2 suffix -ian, -iġan, by syncope from earlier *-ōjan, North Sea Germanic form of Proto-West Germanic *-ōn, from Proto-Germanic *-ōną.\n* The suffix -ian, -ġan in Old English verbs of weak class 1 with roots ending in -r (and exceptionally in swerian, a verb of strong class 6 with a j-present and root ending in -r), from Proto-West Germanic *-jan, *-ijan, from Proto-Germanic *-janą, *-ijaną.\nAdditionally, some verbs borrowed from Old Norse and Old French (especially verbs in -ir) or formed anew have adopted this suffix.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-ey",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-i",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ie",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-y",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ye",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-yen",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-yȝe",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-eȝe",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "-eȝen",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "-iæn",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "-iȝe",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "-iȝen",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "-in",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-ien",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Early Middle English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Kentish Middle English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Southern Middle English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Southwest Midland Middle English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "46 54",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "-iere"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Denotes the infinitive when attached to verbs."
],
"id": "en--ien-enm-suffix-enm:infinitival",
"links": [
[
"infinitive",
"infinitive#English"
]
],
"qualifier": "Southern or Southwest Midland",
"raw_glosses": [
"(after Early Middle English, Kent, Southern or Southwest Midland) Denotes the infinitive when attached to verbs."
],
"raw_tags": [
"after Early Middle English"
],
"senseid": [
"enm:infinitival"
],
"tags": [
"Kent",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-i.ən/"
},
{
"ipa": "/-jən/"
},
{
"ipa": "/-iːn/",
"note": "originally especially after heavy stems"
},
{
"ipa": "/-jə/",
"note": "with loss of final /n/"
},
{
"ipa": "/-iː/",
"note": "originally especially after heavy stems"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"North Sea Germanic",
"Old English"
],
"word": "-ien"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English inflectional suffixes",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English noun-forming suffixes",
"Middle English suffixes",
"Middle English terms borrowed from Old French",
"Middle English terms derived from Latin",
"Middle English terms derived from Old French",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-ian"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "-ian"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ian"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "fro",
"3": "-ien"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from Old French -ien",
"name": "bor+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "la",
"3": "-iānus"
},
"expansion": "Latin -iānus",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Old French -ien, from Latin -iānus.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-ian",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ion",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ione",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ioun",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-yen",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-yone",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-youn",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-ien",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Forms nouns and adjectives denoting origin, association, or residence; -ian."
],
"links": [
[
"-ian",
"-ian"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-iˈɛːn/"
},
{
"ipa": "/-i.ɛn/"
},
{
"ipa": "/-i.ən/"
},
{
"ipa": "/-jɛn/"
},
{
"ipa": "/-jən/"
}
],
"word": "-ien"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English inflectional suffixes",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English suffixes",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "-iere"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-y"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"raw_tags": [
"West Country"
],
"tags": [
"dialectal"
],
"word": "-ee"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-ōn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-ōn",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ōną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ōną",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-jan"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-jan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-janą"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-janą",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "A conflation of two originally distinct suffixes:\n* The Old English weak class 2 suffix -ian, -iġan, by syncope from earlier *-ōjan, North Sea Germanic form of Proto-West Germanic *-ōn, from Proto-Germanic *-ōną.\n* The suffix -ian, -ġan in Old English verbs of weak class 1 with roots ending in -r (and exceptionally in swerian, a verb of strong class 6 with a j-present and root ending in -r), from Proto-West Germanic *-jan, *-ijan, from Proto-Germanic *-janą, *-ijaną.\nAdditionally, some verbs borrowed from Old Norse and Old French (especially verbs in -ir) or formed anew have adopted this suffix.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-ey",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-i",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ie",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-y",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ye",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-yen",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-yȝe",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-eȝe",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "-eȝen",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "-iæn",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "-iȝe",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "-iȝen",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "-in",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-ien",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Early Middle English",
"Kentish Middle English",
"Southern Middle English",
"Southwest Midland Middle English"
],
"glosses": [
"Denotes the infinitive when attached to verbs."
],
"links": [
[
"infinitive",
"infinitive#English"
]
],
"qualifier": "Southern or Southwest Midland",
"raw_glosses": [
"(after Early Middle English, Kent, Southern or Southwest Midland) Denotes the infinitive when attached to verbs."
],
"raw_tags": [
"after Early Middle English"
],
"senseid": [
"enm:infinitival"
],
"tags": [
"Kent",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-i.ən/"
},
{
"ipa": "/-jən/"
},
{
"ipa": "/-iːn/",
"note": "originally especially after heavy stems"
},
{
"ipa": "/-jə/",
"note": "with loss of final /n/"
},
{
"ipa": "/-iː/",
"note": "originally especially after heavy stems"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"North Sea Germanic",
"Old English"
],
"word": "-ien"
}
Download raw JSONL data for -ien meaning in Middle English (5.0kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Middle English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-01-13 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-01-01 using wiktextract (96027d6 and 9905b1f). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.