See -ien in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-ian"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "-ian"
}
],
"etymology_number": "1",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ian"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "fro",
"3": "-ien"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from Old French -ien",
"name": "bor+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "la",
"3": "-iānus"
},
"expansion": "Latin -iānus",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Old French -ien, from Latin -iānus.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-ian",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ion",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ione",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ioun",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-yen",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-yone",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-youn",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-ien",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "25 22 30 23",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 21 9 20 19 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 6 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "46 54",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "46 54",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forms nouns and adjectives denoting origin, association, or residence; -ian."
],
"id": "en--ien-enm-suffix-ULB5Bu33",
"links": [
[
"-ian",
"-ian"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-iˈɛːn/"
},
{
"ipa": "/-i.ɛn/"
},
{
"ipa": "/-i.ən/"
},
{
"ipa": "/-jɛn/"
},
{
"ipa": "/-jən/"
}
],
"word": "-ien"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-y"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"raw_tags": [
"West Country"
],
"tags": [
"dialectal"
],
"word": "-ee"
}
],
"etymology_number": "2",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "ang:-ian",
"4": "ang:-ian",
"id": "infinitival"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-ōną\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-ōn\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-ōjan\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"-ian\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" }, { \"is_duplicate\" : true, \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : { \"1\" : \"ang\", \"2\" : \":inh\", \"3\" : \"gmw-pro:*-ōjan<id:verbal>\", \"id\" : \"verbal\" }, \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"-ian\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"-ien\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" }\" data-id=\"infinitival\" data-lang=\"enm\" data-title=\"-ien\" id=\"Middle_English:_infinitival\">",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-ōn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-ōn",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ōną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ōną",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-jan"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-jan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-janą"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-janą",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "A conflation of two originally distinct suffixes:\n* The Old English weak class 2 suffix -ian, -iġan, by syncope from earlier *-ōjan, North Sea Germanic form of Proto-West Germanic *-ōn, from Proto-Germanic *-ōną.\n* The suffix -ian, -ġan in Old English verbs of weak class 1 with roots ending in -r (and exceptionally in swerian, a verb of strong class 6 with a j-present and root ending in -r), from Proto-West Germanic *-jan, *-ijan, from Proto-Germanic *-janą, *-ijaną.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-ey",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-i",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ie",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-y",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ye",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-yen",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-yȝe",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-eȝe",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "-eȝen",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "-iæn",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "-iȝe",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "-iȝen",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "-in",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-ien",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Early Middle English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Kentish Middle English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Southern Middle English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Southwest Midland Middle English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "19 21 9 20 19 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 6 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "46 54",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "46 54",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "-iere"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Denotes the infinitive when attached to verbs."
],
"id": "en--ien-enm-suffix-enm:infinitival",
"links": [
[
"infinitive",
"infinitive#English"
]
],
"qualifier": "later Kent; Southern and Southwest Midland; later Kent; Southern and Southwest Midland",
"raw_glosses": [
"(Early Middle English, later Kent, Southern and Southwest Midland) Denotes the infinitive when attached to verbs."
],
"senseid": [
"enm:infinitival"
],
"tags": [
"Early-Middle-English",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-i.ən/"
},
{
"ipa": "/-jən/"
},
{
"ipa": "/-iːn/",
"note": "originally especially after heavy stems"
},
{
"ipa": "/-jə/",
"note": "with loss of final /n/"
},
{
"ipa": "/-iː/",
"note": "with loss of final /n/; originally especially after heavy stems"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"North Sea Germanic",
"Old English"
],
"word": "-ien"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English inflectional suffixes",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English noun-forming suffixes",
"Middle English suffixes",
"Middle English terms borrowed from Old French",
"Middle English terms derived from Latin",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms derived from Old French",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages using etymon with no ID",
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-ian"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "-ian"
}
],
"etymology_number": "1",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ian"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "fro",
"3": "-ien"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from Old French -ien",
"name": "bor+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "la",
"3": "-iānus"
},
"expansion": "Latin -iānus",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Old French -ien, from Latin -iānus.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-ian",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ion",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ione",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ioun",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-yen",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-yone",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-youn",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-ien",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Forms nouns and adjectives denoting origin, association, or residence; -ian."
],
"links": [
[
"-ian",
"-ian"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-iˈɛːn/"
},
{
"ipa": "/-i.ɛn/"
},
{
"ipa": "/-i.ən/"
},
{
"ipa": "/-jɛn/"
},
{
"ipa": "/-jən/"
}
],
"word": "-ien"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English inflectional suffixes",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English suffixes",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Pages using etymon with no ID",
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "-iere"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-y"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"raw_tags": [
"West Country"
],
"tags": [
"dialectal"
],
"word": "-ee"
}
],
"etymology_number": "2",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "ang:-ian",
"4": "ang:-ian",
"id": "infinitival"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-ōną\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-ōn\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-ōjan\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"-ian\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" }, { \"is_duplicate\" : true, \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : { \"1\" : \"ang\", \"2\" : \":inh\", \"3\" : \"gmw-pro:*-ōjan<id:verbal>\", \"id\" : \"verbal\" }, \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"-ian\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"-ien\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" }\" data-id=\"infinitival\" data-lang=\"enm\" data-title=\"-ien\" id=\"Middle_English:_infinitival\">",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-ōn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-ōn",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ōną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ōną",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-jan"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-jan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-janą"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-janą",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "A conflation of two originally distinct suffixes:\n* The Old English weak class 2 suffix -ian, -iġan, by syncope from earlier *-ōjan, North Sea Germanic form of Proto-West Germanic *-ōn, from Proto-Germanic *-ōną.\n* The suffix -ian, -ġan in Old English verbs of weak class 1 with roots ending in -r (and exceptionally in swerian, a verb of strong class 6 with a j-present and root ending in -r), from Proto-West Germanic *-jan, *-ijan, from Proto-Germanic *-janą, *-ijaną.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-ey",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-i",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ie",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-y",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ye",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-yen",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-yȝe",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-eȝe",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "-eȝen",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "-iæn",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "-iȝe",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "-iȝen",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "-in",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-ien",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Early Middle English",
"Kentish Middle English",
"Southern Middle English",
"Southwest Midland Middle English"
],
"glosses": [
"Denotes the infinitive when attached to verbs."
],
"links": [
[
"infinitive",
"infinitive#English"
]
],
"qualifier": "later Kent; Southern and Southwest Midland; later Kent; Southern and Southwest Midland",
"raw_glosses": [
"(Early Middle English, later Kent, Southern and Southwest Midland) Denotes the infinitive when attached to verbs."
],
"senseid": [
"enm:infinitival"
],
"tags": [
"Early-Middle-English",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-i.ən/"
},
{
"ipa": "/-jən/"
},
{
"ipa": "/-iːn/",
"note": "originally especially after heavy stems"
},
{
"ipa": "/-jə/",
"note": "with loss of final /n/"
},
{
"ipa": "/-iː/",
"note": "with loss of final /n/; originally especially after heavy stems"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"North Sea Germanic",
"Old English"
],
"word": "-ien"
}
Download raw JSONL data for -ien meaning in Middle English (7.1kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Middle English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-06-21 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-06-01 using wiktextract (ade7ec3 and 7f4db16). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.